The 2025 meta-analysis “Vaping and Smoking in Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis of Neurobehavioural Development in Prenatally Exposed Offspring” examines how prenatal exposure to nicotine and cannabis, through both combustible cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, affects child development . Drawing on 70 studies (56 human and 14 animal), the review found consistent evidence of developmental concerns, particularly in self-regulation (cognitive, emotional, and behavioural) and motor skills. While the bulk of human data still comes from traditional cigarette exposure, animal studies and limited human research suggest that vaping during pregnancy may lead to similar negative outcomes. This raises important questions for prevention and health policy, as e-cigarettes are often promoted as a safer alternative, despite insufficient evidence supporting their safety in pregnancy.
